Water on the moon? by Paola M.

Water have been detected on the moon as crystalline mineral. Samples from the lunar highland obtained during the Apollo missions, according to a University of Michigan researcher and his colleagues.

The lunar highlands are thought to represent the original crust, crystallized from a magma ocean on a mostly molten early moon. The new findings indicate that the early moon was wet and that water there was not substantially lost during the moon's formation.

Liquid water cannot persist at the Moon's surface, and water vapour is decomposed by sunlight, with hydrogen quickly lost to outer space. However, scientists have since the 1960s conjectured that water ice could survive in cold, permanently shadowed craters at the Moon's poles.

Water may have been delivered to the Moon over geological timescales by the regular bombardment of water-bearing comets, asteroids and meteoroids or continuously produced in situ by the hydrogen ions (protons) of the solar wind impacting oxygen-bearing minerals.

Modern Chemistry

Our modern world is blessed with a wide array of products and services, health care options and medical treatments, gadgets and indulgences, all of which arrive on the scene with a rapidity that few of us can absorb. We find ourselves surprised and amazed by these wonderful innovations, and then we come to depend on them. What did we do before we had GPS, camera phones, brain scans and laser eye surgery?

The things that give us comfort and convenience and that improve our safety and health are the fruits of basic discoveries made decades ago in materials, software, computation, biology, chemistry and information technology, among other fields. And the rate at which new discoveries emerge from academic and government laboratories shows no sign of slowing. By such measures as academic papers and patent filings, science output continues to run as strong as or stronger than at any previous point in history. Moreover, with China, India and other nations coming onto the research scene in a big way, there is every reason to anticipate more great science in the future.

Arctic Sea Ice Minimum in 2013 is Sixth Lowest on Record

Arctic Sea Ice Minimum in 2013 is Sixth Lowest on Record
Source Website:
Source Website

Image Source

In September 20th 2013,an unusual cold summer happened in the Artic. The Artic sea ice appears to have reached its annual minimum summer extent in September 13 2013.The NASA supported the NSIDC in the University of Colorado. Analysis saw that the ice had shrunk 1.97 million square miles. This can mean many things like global warming or many other environments getting destroyed. I chose this article specifically for the global warming issues Earth is having right now.

Promiscus Amyloid

                                                                                                        Promiscus Amyloid



Although genetic evidence puts the amyloid peptide (β-amyloid or Aβ) center stage in Alzheimer's disease (AD), it remains far from clear how this 4-kD protein fragment compromises neuronal function (1). On page 1399 of this issue, Kim et al. identify two new receptors for aggregated Aβ: the mouse paired immunoglobulin-like receptor B (PirB) and its human ortholog, leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor LilrB2 (2). The binding interaction triggers a signaling cascade that compromises the actin cytoskeleton of neurons and ultimately causes synaptic loss in a mouse model of AD.

  I chose this article because on Friday I saw this article on Multiple Sclerosis and I taught this article was related but as I discovered it is not. I still did this article about this because I have been always fascinated by genetics and germs.

I think this is an important piece of information because now that we know another possible cause for Alzheimer we can develop a cure for it. I think this is important news because we can study the Promiscus Amyloid's components to figure out if any of them contain a new thing. 


Information from: Promiscus Amyloid

By Malik A.

The universe may be curved not flat! Yasmin A

Yasmin A
P8 Science
Mr. Fox

The Universe May Be Curved!

Image Source

Author: Ron Cowen

Website: http://www.nature.com/news/universe-may-be-curved-not-flat-1.13776

September 20th 2013 

Although numerous observations indicate that the cosmos is indeed flat, the deviations in the CMB data predicted by latest model — which the authors acknowledge is still speculative — could be small enough to fit within the limits imposed by measurements with the Planck satellite, says Liddle. Future experiments with measurements of improved precision however might determine who is right. 

I chose this article because it just instantly interested me, this could be a major discovery, just like discovering that the earth is round, and the best part, it was released the day before yesterday! My first thought was, "oh, cool!" but then i thought, "this could be revolutionary, and yet so few people know about this!" so I decided to write this article.

This is obviously important because this could be a piece basic logic that wasn't disposed to us before! Thousands of other important discoveries could be made thanks to this possible fact. 

Lily, a great Dane!

Lily, a Great Dane!!

                                                                     Image Source
                                                                 
                                 
Lily is a great dane that lost his  sight  by cause of a rare desease. He was hopeless until he met Madison. They have been together for 5 years and Madison guides Lily by the leash. She touches him so Lily doesn´t stumble over anything.

I chose this topic because, Lily and Madison are a great example of true love. When I first read this article, I thought, ''Wow, this really touches me!'' And then, I couldn´t stop thinking about it. How would our lives be if we were all blind? Or how would I feel if I was blind?

This is important because, sometimes we get mad if we didn´t get the answers right on the test or even if we cant´t find something. This is more important and I bet Lily would absolutely prefer to lose something valuable and accept the punishment that will probably last for a couple of days, than to be blind for the rest of her life.
Inspiration, 6th, P6

NASA's Deep Space Comet Hunter Mission Comes to an End

Image Source

Article Posted on NASA

After 9 years in space NASA's deep space comet hunter mission comes to an end. This Comet Hunter has produced much more data than expected. It took 500,000 images of celestial objects. They have recently announced that the mission that the mission has ended after not being able to contact the space craft for over a month. It's main job in 2005 was to find out or investigate both the surface or interior composition of a comet and many other jobs!

I think this is important because who knows what other stuff we could of learned about if we would still be able to communicate with the space craft. We have learned a lot with this space craft and i'm sure that if it would still work we could learn more.

NASA's Deep Space Comet Hunter Mission Comes to an End, 6th, P.6

Did Life Start on Mars?

Did Life Start On Mars?
Irene Klotz
http://news.discovery.com/

Not only was Mars once much more like Earth, with atmosphere, surface water and warmer temperatures, but it had a potentially key ingredient for life that was not available on our home world.

That buttresses a mind-bending   theory that life got its start on Mars and then spread to Earth, said biochemist Steven Benner, with the Foundation for Applied Molecular Evolution in Gainesville, Fla.Today, Mars is a cold, dry desert with a thin atmosphere that provides little protection from deadly solar and cosmic radiation. But roll back the hands of time some 4 billion years and Mars had at least a polar ocean and abundant supplies of liquid water.

“About 3.4 billion to 4 billion years ago … was the time that life was evolving on Earth,”

I chose this article because it's cool to know where everything truly comes from. I also chose it because it makes me think a lot, is this true? Should I research more about this? In my opinion this is a pretty interesting article. (click on the title to view)
This is an important hypothesis that might become a fact. This is important because there might still be life on mars, or at least there was, and that life spread to earth. How impressive, don't you think?
Life on Mars, 6th, P6

 PLAY VIDEO

The Cost Of Living On Mars

Relocating to Mars is expensive business!

JAMES PORTO/TAXI/GETTY IMAGESBut roll back the hands of time some 4 billion years and Mars had at least a polar ocean and abundant supplies of liquid water.

7th, P5

keppler 22b link

Kepler-22b is an extrasolar planet orbiting G-type star Kepler-22.^[7][8] It is located 600 light years away from Earth in the constellation of Cygnus. It was discovered by NASA's Kepler Space Telescope in 2011 and was the first known transiting planet to orbit within the habitable zone of a Sun-like star.  

( From Wikipedia ) 

I think this discovery is important because Kepler 22-B can be the planet with life the question that all this century has been asking is their life on other planets are we alone. This is another step for science and for all man kind once we get the technology that we need to other planet further than our reach now we will discover new planets and life.

Fruit Flies on the Space Shuttle

In 1947, The United States was interested in sending men into space but were concerned about the possible effects of radiation. In 1947, no one knew the range of radiation in space, nor how much shielding might be needed to protect humans in space. Scientists turned to fruit flies which had long been used to study gene mutations caused by radiation. After making its way into space (briefly and barely) the capsule containing the fruit flies returned to earth by parachute and the fruit flies survived. The successful experiment demonstrated that the radiation in space was not enough to cause mutations to the fruit flies.

I chose this article because first, it is about insects, and it tells us that while people have a stereotype against insects and think that insects are disgusting, they actually help us a lot. Without insects, we can't live in a stable world. 

This is very important because if they didn't test it with the fruit flies, the humans would have fallen in big danger. This will help us a lot on the future because there will be a lot of space explorations such as going to Mars, and insects could help us just as they did before. We can benefit a lot from them and save people's lives.

Plasma Arms

               How About a Hug?! Nearby Galaxy Cluster Has Giant Plasma Arms

Oriana Di Mascio

Adam Fox

Science

September 20 2013

Enormous arms of hot gas have been revealed in the Coma galaxy cluster in data from NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory and ESA's XMM-Newton.

   A nearby cluster of galaxies is reaching out into the universe with colossal plasma arms — galactic tentacles so long they are nearly five times the width of the Milky Way, astronomers say.

   I chose this article because I think it is important to know about this, and it looked very interesting when I started reaserching it. It tell about how astronomers have discovered titanic arms of plasma glowing brightly, with X-rays emanating from the core of the Coma Cluster. Maybe in the future this will help us know more about this. And it will be interesting to be studying it in class.
   This article is important because this titanic arms can reach up to about 490,000 light-years long and 80,000 light-years wide, and researchers estimate these arms can get up to 40 billion times the mass of the sun. Also the discovery suggests the cores of turbulent galaxy clusters may be much less chaotic than scientists previously thought. 

Mysterious Dark Energy Begins

Five-year hunt for clues about mysterious dark energy begins

       Scientists have embarked on a quest to map one-eighth of the entire sky looking for clues about dark energy, the mysterious force believed to be responsible for the ever-accelerating expansion of the universe.

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Though scientists think dark energy comprises 74 percent of the universe, they do not fully understand what it is. Dark energy, for now, is the name given to the force that seems to be working against gravity, causing the expansion of the universe to speed up instead of slow down. [The History & Structure of the Universe (Infographic)]

        I chose this article because I think it's really interesting that scientist have found out  about  the space's dark energy and how it is is a force that goes against gravity.


        I think it's important to know what dark energy is, to understand what it is and to know what it can cause.

Tallest Dog Ever

                                                                                                                                             Photo Link           

   Zeus is an awesome dog," says owner Denise.

"The only downside is that everything costs more; the food, medicines, transport. We had to get a van to be able to transport him, oh, and if he steps on your foot - he leaves bruises!"  Link to article

Zeus is 111.8 cm in height. (44 in.) 

I choose this article because I am planing to be a Vet when I grow up and because I love researching about animals.

      Animals such as dogs are important to you because they are a puzzle piece of your life. They give you company, support, help , humor and more. They always care for you so you should care for them.  

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        

When Animals Went To Space

Animals had been used in aeronautic exploration since 1783 when the Montgolfier brothers sent a sheep, a duck and a rooster aloft in a hot air balloon (the duck serving as the experimental control). The limited supply of captured German V-2 rockets led to the U.S. use of high-altitude balloon launches carrying fruit flies, mice, hamsters, guinea pigs, cats, dogs, frogs, goldfish and monkeys to heights of up to 144,000 feet. These high-altitude balloon flights from 1947 to 1960 tested radiation exposure, physiological response, life support and recovery systems. The U.S. high-altitude manned balloon flights occurred in the same time frame, one of which also carried fruit flies.

The first animals sent into space were fruit flies aboard a U.S.-launched V-2 rocket on February 20, 1947. The purpose of the experiment was to explore the effects of radiation exposure at high altitudes. The rocket reached 68 miles (109 km) in 3 minutes and 10 seconds, past both the U.S. 50-mile and the international 100 km definitions of the edge of space. The Blossom capsule was ejected and successfully deployed its parachute. The fruit flies were recovered alive. Other V2 missions carried biological samples, including moss.

Albert II, a Rhesus Monkey, became the first monkey in space on June 14, 1949, in a U.S.-launched V2, after the failure of the original Albert's mission on ascent. Albert I reached only 30–39 miles (48–63 km) altitude; Albert II reached about 83 miles (134 km). Albert II died on impact after a parachute failure. Numerous monkeys of several species were flown by the U.S. in the 1950s and 1960s. Monkeys were implanted with sensors to measure vital signs, and many were under anesthesia during launch. The death rate among monkeys at this stage was very high: about two-thirds of monkeys launched in 1940s and 1950s died on missions or soon after landing.

Goldilocks Zones

    

Picture Link

Article Link

 Astrobiologists have long discussed the idea that planets can only be capable of supporting life if liquid water exists on the surface. Obviously, this is only possible if the temperature on the planet is similar to Earth’s and this, in turn, implies a certain distance from the mother star.

The search for planets in this so-called habitable zone has intensified in recent years with the launch of space telescopes such as Kepler that is finding new exoplanets at a dramatic rate. But the idea that there may be zones within the galaxy that are particularly conducive to life is a much newer idea. The thinking here is that planets capable of supporting life are much more likely to exist around stars in certain parts of the galaxy.

         I choose this article because it fascinates me that there is zones in the galaxy depending on where the mother star is there could be living creatures. It made me think that some day humans will be living on other planets and how cool that would be. 

        I think this is important because if some day the earth has too many planets we are going to need somewhere to go. And then we would be communicating on Skype and be like "hey look at my backyard on mars." That would be so funny.

Europa

By analyzing cracks in Europa, scientist found that it was on a tilted axis at some point. 

The tilt can help scientists how much heat is generated by tides, and even how long the ocean was liquid. Europa's network of crisscrossing cracks serves as a record of the stresses caused by huge tides in the moon's global ocean. These tides happen because Europa travels around Jupiter in a oval orbit. When Europa comes closer to the planet, the moon gets stretched like a rubber band, The moon's ice layer has to stretch and flex to accommodate these changes, but when the stresses become too big, it cracks. The weird part is why the cracks point in different directions over time, even though the same side of Europa always faces Jupiter.

Galileo sattelite image

source: http://www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/long-stressed-europa-likely-off-kilter-at-one-time/index.html#.UjxweGTwLEE 

Candles

Egg Candle Photo LINK
Candles have been used for light and to illuminate man's celebrations for more than 5,000 years, yet little is known about their origin.

It is often written that the first candles were developed by the Ancient Egyptians, who used rushlights or torches made by soaking the pithy core of reeds in melted animal fat. However, the rushlights had no wick like a true candle.Nation Candle Association WebSite LINK

This article basically tells you how candles are mostly used for celebration and lighting. I think candles are important for celebration because I think it just gives the final ouch to the mood. I also think they are important because when there was not any electricity people would use candles and torches to light up their houses and the streets.

I chose this article because I think candles are really cool. I think the fact that you can make candle the way you want just by using your imagination is really cool. I also think that candles are so fun to work with science. I also chose this article because we are doing candles in science and I am having a ton of fun.

Planets That Are Like Earth

Mattea Urbia 

Science  

Mr.Fox

9/19/2013 

A report of the research has been submitted to the Astrophysical Journal and is released via arxiv.org.

What interests me the most is that there is other planets like earth that have water and air and maybe even life.  The coolest part about this is that NASA or any other of the BIG space company's discovers the planets colleges did.  But the fact about this is that people are obsessed with finding planets just like ares so maybe we can start over make a new life.  You never know the possibility's never end.

Different people around the world say other stuff about this.  Some think we should say some think we should go start over.  But what do you think most people would jump at the chance to go to another world.  Think of the ricks too like if there was life there and they were hostile, or they had no gravity or no air but a carbon kind of air.  Ricks that a probe could not find and you will find out the hard way.

There are pros and cons to these kinds of things the coolest I think is that people try so hard for the mess we made looking for new opportunity when you can just wait.  I love looking online and seeing if there are any new kinds of space exploration like star trek to see if there is life.  But I loved this link because of all the cool kinds of links they had and the new planets they found.

Planets With Water

Watery Planets

–By Christine Pulliam

In our solar system, only one planet is blessed with an ocean: Earth. Our home world is a rare, blue jewel compared to the deserts of Mercury, Venus and Mars. But what if our Sun had not one but two habitable ocean worlds?

Astronomers have found such a planetary system orbiting the star Kepler-62. This five-planet system has two worlds in the habitable zone – the distance from their star at which they receive enough light and warmth for liquid water to theoretically exist on their surfaces. Modeling by researchers at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics suggests that both planets are water worlds, their surfaces completely covered by a global ocean with no land in sight.

“These planets are unlike anything in our solar system. They have endless oceans,” said lead author Lisa Kaltenegger of the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy and the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. “There may be life there, but could it be technology-based like ours? Life on these worlds would be under water with no easy access to metals, to electricity, or fire for metallurgy. Nonetheless, these worlds will still be beautiful blue planets circling an orange star – and maybe life’s inventiveness to get to a technology stage will surprise us.”


I selected this article not only because in caught my attention but because of its information and Technologic advancement in the history of earth.If they have found a planet with water like ours the possibility of finding a new home when  earth is no longer capable of living in have increased. But by what time could our technology be superior enough to travel to the next possible star to find our next possible planet. Just imagine the possibility to live somewhere els to have a back up plan if earth is out of our reach for saving, if something goes wrong we could just pack up our things and go but we have to keep looking for our plan b this new finding has just increased our chance for looking deeper. 

A cat as an austronaut

      Iran Plans to Send Persian Cat to Space

 Megan Gannon

   I have read that the Iranians announce that they want for the next astronaut a Persian cat. This flat-faced animal could be a feline forerunner for manned missions. The Iran space officer said that the cat could blast off atop a liquid-fueled rocket as early as March, 2014. Iran's leader says that he hopes to send a human into space by 2018 and put an astronaut at the moon after.


     I have chosen this news because first I really like cats. Second because I think its interesting that they put a cat as an astronaut. Like from all the animals they have send to space I never thought that they were going to launch a cat to space. That's why I have choose this new.

Wormholes

                                                                                  Wormholes

If found, wormholes might revolutionize space travel.

Wormholes are shortcuts through space. They can save you a big deal of light years to get to planets. In the link above, the even show you how to make a wormhole ( Don't get excited. We don't have the technology needed, but soon [and when I mean soon it's 500 years from now], we will have the technology ).


I chose this topic because the idea that we could make portals through space, taking much less time, and that in a few hundred years we might have the technology to make them is fascinating.


I find this important because it can and will revolutionize space travel. Just imagine: you can go to Mars, or another planet millions of light years away in an instant, without saving much food, or spend too much gas on the journey. Instead, you can have more room for people. Mass space transportation would be much easier. The environmentalists would be happy because spaceships would burn less fuel. We could venture so far into the universe that we might even get out of it, if the theory of lots of universes is true.

Example: Would you live on Mars?

200,000 Apply To Mars One to Live Out Their Lives On The Red Planet 

Image Source

Article posted on Singularity Hub

The private company Mars One wants to create a human colony on Mars by 2023.  They took applications for interested people and over 200,000 people volunteered.  All of the volunteers will not return and live their lives on Mars.  The project will be funded by TV shows and advertising.

I chose this article because I find it interesting that people are willing to leave earth forever and live on Mars.  It made me think if I would be willing to give up so much to go on a space adventure.

This is important because it is a new model for funding space exploration.  It would be the first large scale privately funded exploration of a planet.  It could be the start of new age of private space exploration.